International copyright treaties.

Several international treaties set the minimum standards of protection that each signatory country applies as part of its own copyright law.

The Berne Convention is the most important and the oldest treaty. It was signed in 1886. Now it has been ratified by more than 170 countries. The convention sets minimum standards of protection and a number of principles of international copyright: principle of national treatment (each country grants citizens of other signatory countries the same protection), principle of independence of protection (the protection of works in each country does not depend on the protection of works in other countries), principle of automatic protection (copyright is automatically assigned to the work after it is fixed on a tangible medium and without any necessary preliminary formalities).

The WIPO Copyright Treaty, which was signed in 1996, deals with the protection of works and the rights of their authors in the digital environment and recognizes that the transfer of works over the Internet is the exclusive right under the copyright originally owned by the creator.

The Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) is an international legal agreement between all the member nations of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It states that national laws must ensure effective enforcement of IP rights.

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